The Election Commission of India is mandated under law to hold elections at any time within six months before the five-year term of the Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly expires.
The polls are timed in a way that the new Assembly or Lok Sabha is in place on the day of the dissolution of the outgoing House.
In the case of early dissolution, EC has to ensure a new Lok Sabha or Assembly is in place within six months of the dissolution.
The six months is the constitutionally defined limit between two sessions of the House/Assembly (Article 85(1) and Article 174(1) of the Constitution, respectively).
An election once called usually proceeds as per schedule. However, in some exceptional cases, the process can be postponed or even scrapped after its announcement under extraordinary circumstances.
Under Section 153 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, read with Article 324 of the Constitution of India, the EC can extend the time for completing an election, but such extension:
· Should not go beyond the six months.
· Should not go beyond the date of the normal dissolution of the Lok Sabha or the Assembly.
In 1991, the EC postponed the ongoing parliamentary elections for three weeks after Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination during his campaign in Tamil Nadu.
Recently, in March 2020 elections to 18 Rajya Sabha seats were postponed by the EC due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Article 172(1) states that, in case of a state of Emergency, an election can be postponed for one year at a time in addition to a period of six months after the Emergency is lifted.
There is no specific legal provision that specifies the circumstances under which elections can be deferred in non-Emergency situations.
However, law and order, natural calamities like earthquakes and floods, or any other compelling circumstances which are beyond EC’s control can be the grounds for extension.
Powers under Section 153 can be exercised only after an election schedule has been notified.
If the EC wants to postpone Bihar elections, it will have to be done through its extraordinary powers under Article 324.
Under Article 324 the EC will have to inform the government of its inability to hold polls on time.
The government can decide the future course — to impose President’s Rule or allow the incumbent Chief Minister to continue for six more months.
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